Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Are you perfect?
Would the world be better with more of you?
Sheldon Cooper thinks so
So did Arnold Schwarzenegger
And Paul Rudd.....
So do Succulents and Strawberries
Asexual Reproduction is the creation of a new organism without sex
Because there is no sex, there is no sharing of genes
Thus, asexual reproduction creates offspring that are identical to the parent
They are effectively clones of the parent
This is advantageous if you want to make a whole lot of yourself fast
You don't need to look for a sexual partner
You don't need to worry about fertilization
This is great if your genes make you ideally suited for your environment and if colonizing your environment quickly is to your benefit - like by reducing interspecies competition
Because of this, this method of reproduction is popular with:
Fungi
Bacteria
Plants
Sheldon Cooper
Each offspring, or progeny are identical
They are clones
This is bad if the environment changes
If everyone is the same, then they have the same strengths .... but also the same weaknesses
Because of these weaknesses a world full of Paul Rudds could be bad
A diverse population means that someone's weakness is compensated for by the strength of the others in their group
There is strength in diversity
You can only get diverse individuals by mixing up the alleles
You can only mix up the alleles by having sex
Because of this strength, these asexual creatures can also have sex
Fungi, Bacteria and Plants all have ways to share genetic material, to mix up their alleles for each gene and to have sex
So the succulents mentioned earlier can quickly colonize an area by asexual reproduction (budding). Then, they can flower and share their pollen with other succulents, thus having plant sex. They then make little seeds in their seed pods - these seeds are tiny and are dispersed on the wind
When they land and grow into new plants they will have unique strengths due to them having 2 alleles for each gene from 2 different plants. Thus if there is an environmental change, such as drought, that kills the other plant there is a chance that this genetically different plant could survive
If it does, then it must have an allele that makes it more drought resistant than its parent. So it may as well colonize the are quickly - through asexual reproduction - Genetically identical babies, and then these can flower in the hope of receiving pollen, carried to them by a bee, from a succulent plant far away that has different alleles. Thus creating more genetically diverse babies.
A few animals can also do asexual reproduction
It is a bit more complex than in bacteria, fungi and plants
In Bacteria, Fungi and Plants - they can do Asexual Reproduction through Mitosis - so they just 'bud' and keep going
For animals, Meiosis is involved, which halves the genetic material
This then needs to be paired up with the complimentary chromosomes so that the genetic material is 'full' again
For some, the egg is fertilized by another egg from the same ovaries - this happens with Komodo Dragons
Thus the egg ends up identical to its mother
This is advantageous if finding a mate is very challenging
Examples include Komodo Dragons, Water Dragon, desert grassland whiptail lizard and the Blacktip Shark
There are no examples in Mammals
Cloning
Cloning involves taking a nucleus from a cell and putting it into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
Cloning is effectively asexual reproduction as there is no sharing of alleles. Thus the offspring will be identical
This is banned internationally for humans
However, it can be done for other animals
But it is far more complicated and expensive than that first sentence makes it sound
It was first done in the 90's to make the clone "dolly the sheep"
It has since been proven in a laboratory to make clone monkeys
More positively, it has been used to increase the numbers of an endangered Ferrit
And one day, it might be used to bring back extinct species, such as the wooly mammoth (as its DNA is often well preserved in Permafrost)